GAJJA SINGH, MAHANT

GAJJA SINGH, MAHANT (c. 1850-1914), maestro of Sikh classical devotional music, was born in a Jatt Sikh family of Vandar, a village in Faridkot district of the Punjab. He had a sensitive ear for music from his early childhood. His father, a pious Sikh himself, apprenticed him for religious instruction to the mahantor custodian of Gurusar (Mehraj), a historical shrine about 25 km northeast of Bathinda (30°14`N, 74°59`E). The mahant was impressed by the rapid progress Gajja Singh made in learning the scriptural and other texts and by his ability to sing the sacred hymns in the folk tunes he had picked up in his native village.

He arranged, through the mahant of Gurdwara Ber Sahib, Sultanpur Lodhi, to send young Gajja Singh to learn classical music under Mir Rahmat `Ah, the eminent court musician ofICapurthala state.One of his copupils was Mahbub `AIT alias Bhai Buba, a direct descendant of Bhai Phiranda ofBharoana, to whom Guru Nanak had, just before setting out on his travels, sent Bhai Mardana to procure a rabdb, i.e. rebeck. Bhai Buba and his father, Bhai Amir Bakhsh Rababi, were widely respected among Sikhs as much for their honoured lineage as for their status in the rabdbi school of Sikh music. Association with them encouraged Gajja Singh to master, besides classical music, the traditional Sikh kirtan.

 

After finishing studies with Mir Rahmat `All, Bhai Buba went to Bahawalpur state as chief court musician, and Bhai Gaj[ja Singh returned to Gurusar where, after the death of his patron, he succeeded him as mahant.An akhdrd or scat of the Nirmala sect, to which the mahants of Gurusar belonged, had been established at Patiala in 1861. Mahant Gajja Singh visited there regularly, especially during the rainy season, and his performance both as a vocalist and instrumentalist attracted wide notice.His virtuosity in playing on the tdus, a bow instrument with frets like a sitdr, had become proverbial.

He had a style of his own and, copying his master Mir Rahmat `All`s vma, surbahdr and sitar, he was able to produce the effect of jhald or jhankdr, i.e. trilling, on his tdus. Bhai Kahn Singh ofNabha, scholar and encyclopaedist, who had attended some of his performances, wrote in his Gurushabad Ratndkar Mahdn Kosh: “Bhai Gajja Singh has been a peerless pandit of music.Those who have listened to his aldp or melody on the tdus can never forget him.” Mahant Gajja Singh continued to enjoy the patronage of ruling princes of Patiala. Maharaja Bhupinder Singh (1891-1938) in fact served a period of apprenticeship with him learning classical music.

At the Delhi Darbar of 1911, Gaj[ja Singh gave a memorable performance representing the Patiala Gharana of music. He was rewarded with the grant of a free railway pass for life to travel anywhere in India for the propagation of Ins art.Encouraged by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, he took up the project of recording the original nts, i.e. forms or modes of the rdgas as set by Guru Arjan and preserved orally by Sikh musicians. The work had been undertaken during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh by the Nirmala Mahant ofDera Baba Mishra Singh in Amritsar, but it had remained incomplete.

However, the then priest of Dera Baba Mishra Singh, Mahant Kapur Singh, was invited to Patiala. Two other helpers appointed were Mahant Mela Singh and Baba Dial Singh Kairori. Already in 1910, Bhai Buba had, at Mahant Gaya Singh`s persuasion, joined the Patiala court.Ram Krishan Singh, a junior mahant at the historical Gurdwara Motibagh, was coopted as adviser on Sanskrit musical terminology, and Bhai Durga Singh, the bestknown caUigraphist of Patiala at the time, was engaged as the scribe, Mahant Gajja Singh, as the head of the team, started work on the thirtyone rdgas of the Guru Granth Sahib, with an introductory part covering two of the three initial compositions, Rahrdsi and Kirtan Sohild, which form part of the daily devotions of the Sikhs.

He had also taken up the five chaukis, i.e. daily choruses or hymnsinging sessions, and some of the Vdrs in different musical measures when death intervened. Mahant Gajja Singh died on 12 June 1914, and the work was left unfinished.