GANDA SINGH

GANDA SINGH (d. 1845), of Butala, in Gujranwala district of undivided Punjab, was a soldier in the Sikh army. Early in his career, he was assigned by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Prince Sher Singh`s troops. Ganda Singh`s father, Dharam Singh, had also served in the army and taken part in several battles including those of Multan, Kashmir and Peshawar. Ganda Singh remained the favourite of Prince Sher Singh who granted him a jagir worth 3,000 rupees from his own estates. He fought in the Prince`s Yusafzai and Kullu campaigns and held both civil and military appointments under him when he was the Nazim of Kashmir.

He afterwards served at Naushehra and Bannu. When Sher Singh ascended the throne, he conferred upon Ganda Singh several jagirs around Butala, and appointed him to the command of the Orderly Dera. He was with the Maharaja when the latter was assassinated in September 1843, and was severely wounded in the endeavour to save his life. Ganda Singh was killed in December 1845 in the battle of Ferozeshah in which his son, Kirpal Singh, was wounded. GANDA SINGH (1900-1987), celebrated Punjab historian who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in Sikh historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of Hoshiarpur in the Punjab.

He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at Lahore, but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, Rawalpindi, and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. There he had his thigh torn by a bullet shot and he was hospitalized.

After recovery he was repatriated to India, but had been mistakenly reported dead to his family. This led to a dramatic situation. When he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening, he was taken to be a spirit and was refused admittance. As he was recognized the following morning at the doorstep of his house, the family`s horror turned into jubilation. Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there to join the Anglo Persian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia.

Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One long lasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him. In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh`s long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian.

The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department and also brought out several books and tracts based on these. In 1949, he came to Patiala where he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department.

His thesis on Ahmad Shah Durrani earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day. Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University`s journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.

In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962.

He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur. Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen full length volumes of high historical value.

Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M`akhaziTwarikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987. Dr Ganda Singh`s magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations.

The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, `Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh.

The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983. In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.

References :

1. Suri, Sohan Lal, `Udmat-ut-Twankh. Lahore, 1885-89
2. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909
3. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976
4. Verma, Devinder Knmar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989