MOHAN SINGH, GENERAL

MOHAN SINGH, GENERAL (1909-1989), famous for his part in the Indian National Army for the liberation of India from British rule, in which he held the rank of a general, was born the only son of Tara Singh and Hukam Kaur, a peasant couple of Ugoke village, near Sialkot (now in Pakistan). His father died two months before his birth and his mother shiftd to her parents` home in Badiana in the same district, where Mohan Singh was born and brought up. As he passed his high school, he joined the 14th Punjab Regiment of the Indian army in 1927. After the completion of his recruits` training at Firozpur, Mohan Singh was posted to the 2nd Battalion of the Regiment, then serving in the North-West Frontier Province.

He was selected as a potential officer in 1931, and after six months` training in Kitchner College, Nowgong (Madhya Pradesh), and another two and a half years in Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, he received his commission in 1934, and was posted for a year to a British unit, the 2nd Border Regiment, and then to 1st Battalion of his former 14th Punjab Regiment, which at that time happened to be at Jhelum. World War II broke out in 1939. Mohan Singh had been promoted Captain when his battalion was earmarked for operational service in the Far East. The battalion was still carrying out intensive training at Secunderabad when he married, in December 1940, Jasvant Kaur, sister of a brother officer.

He left for Malaya with his unit on 4 March 1941. Japan entered the War with her surprise attack on the American air base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941 and overran the entire South East Asia within a few weeks. The British force in the northern part of the Malaya Peninsula including Captain Mohan Singh`s battalion, 1/14 Punjab Regiment, was fleeing towards the south. Mohan Singh with some of his men was a straggler in search of the main body of his troops. An Indian troop, headed by Giani Pritam Singh, had on 4 December 1941 entered into an agreement of collaboration with a Japanese officer, Major Fujiwara, head of field intelligence section in the region. Captain Mohan Singh contacted this group near Alorstar and surrendered around the middle of December 1941.

All Indian prisoners of war and stragglers were placed under his charge and he was asked to restore order in the town. Kuala Lumpur fell on 11 January 1942 with 3,500 Indian prisoners of war, and Singapore on 15 February with 85,000 British troops, of whom 45,000 were Indians. Mohan Singh asked for volunteers who would form the Azad Hind Fauj (Free India Army) to fight for liberating India from the British rule. A large number of men, mostly Sikhs, came forward to join what came to be termed as the Azad Hind Fauj (National Army of independent India). The new setup came into being on 1 September 1942 by which time the strength of volunteers had reached 40,000. Mohan Singh, now designated a general, was to command it.

Already in a conference held at Bangkok during 1523 June 1942, the Indian Independence League under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose, Indian revolutionary who had escaped to Japan in June 1915 and who had been living there ever since, had been inaugurated. Through one of the 35 resolutions passed by the conference, Mohan Singh was appointed cornmanderin chicf of the “Army of Liberation for India,” i.e. the Indian National Army. General Mohan Singh was soon disenchanted regarding the intentions of the Japanese who, it appeared, wanted to use Indian National Army only as a pawn and who were deliberately withholding recognition and public proclamation about its entity as an independent liberation army.

On 29 December 1942, General Mohan Singh was removed from his command and taken into custody by the Japanese military police. It was only after the arrival of another Indian leader of great political standing, Subhas Chandra Bose, from Germany to the FarEastern front in June 1943 that the Indian National Army was revived and Mohan Singh reinstated to his former command with Subhas as the supreme commander in his capacity as president of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind. The Indian National Army participated in the Japanese offensive on the IndoBurma front in 1944 and gave a good account of itself. But the British forces withstood the offensive and in fact launched a counterattack during the winter of 194445.

The Japanese as well as the Indian, National Army, retreated fast, and the war ended with Japan`s surrender on 14 August 1945. Even before that during May June 1945, most officers and men of the Azad Hind Fauj (I.N.A.), numbering about 20,000, including General Mohan Singh, had been made prisoners by the British and brought back to India. They were all set free during 1945. General Mohan Singh and his comrades of the Indian National Army were everywhere acclaimed for their patriotism. Mohan Singh`s dream of liberation was realized with India`s Independence on 15 August 1947, but this was accompanied by the partition of the country into India and Pakistan.

Mohan Singh had to leave his hearth and home in what then became Pakistan and came to India a homeless refugee. He was allotted some land in the village of Jugiana, near Ludhiana, where he settled permanently. He entered politics and joined the Indian National Congress. After a stint as a legislator in the Punjab, he was elected to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament, for two terms. In and out of Parliament he strove for the recognition of the members of his Azad Hind Fauj as free domfighters in the cause of the nation`s liberation. General Mohan Singh died at Jugiana on 26 December 1989.

References :

1. Mohan Singh, General, Soldiers` Contribution to Indian Independence. Delhi, 1974
2. Durlabh Singh, Formation and Gnuoth of the I.N.A.. Lahore, 1946