CHALI MUKTE, lit. forty (chalf) liberated ones (mukte), is how a band of 40 brave Sikhs who laid down their lives fighting near the dhab or lake of Khidrana, also called Isharsar, on 29 December 1705 against a Mughal force in chase of Guru Gobind Singh are remembered in Sikh history and daily in the Sikh ardas or supplicatory prayer offered individually or at gatherings at the end of all religious services. Guru Gobind Singh, who had watched the battle from a nearby mound praised the martyrs` valour and blessed them as Chali Mukte, the Forty Immortals. After them Khidrana became Muktsar the Pool of Liberation.
Etymologically, mukta from Sanskrit mukt means `liberated, delivered, emancipated,` especially from the cycle of birth and death. Mukti (liberation, emancipation) in Sikhism is the highest spiritual goal of human existence, and mukt or mukta is the one who has achieved this state of final beatitude. Mukta, also means a pearl, and the word would thus signify a title or epithet of distinction. It was probably in this sense that the five Sikhs, who on 30 March 1699 received the vows of the Khalsa immediately after the first five Panj Piare (q.v.), were blessed with the title mukta, plural mukte.
The term Chali Mukte is also used sometimes for the martyrs whom a huge army, in pursuit since the evacuation of Anandpur by Guru Gobind Singh during the night 56 December, caught up with and encircled at Chamkaur on 7 December, and who engaged the enemy in small sorties throughout the day with the result that the Guru with three other survivors was able to escape during the following night. See CHAMKAUR SAHIB.
While there is no unanimity over the names of the martyrs of Muktsar and Chamkaur Sahib, the five Muktas who comprised the first batch of Sikhs to receive amrit at the hands of the Panj Piare are given in Rahitnama by Bhai Daya Singh as Ram Singh, Fateh Singh, Deva Singh, Tahil Singh and isar Singh. No other details of these five are available except that an old manuscript of Bhai Prahlad Singh`s Rahitnama is said to contain a note associating Ram Singh and Deva Singh with the village of Bughiana, Tahil Singh and isar Singh with DallVan and Fateh Singh with Khurdpur Mangat. According to Bhai Chaupa Singh, his Rahitnama or code of conduct was drafted by muktas.
The text is said to have received Guru Gobind Singh`s approval on 7Jeth 1757 Bk / 5 May 1700. It appears that the title of mukta was bestowed subsequently also on persons other than the original five. The number of muktas is recorded variously in old Sikh texts. For instance, Kesar Singh Chhibbar, Barisava/mama Dasari Patshahian Ka, mentions 14, and Kuir Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi X, 25. But muktas universally celebrated in the Sikh tradition are the forty martyrs of Muktsar who earned this title by sacrificing their lives for the Guru and who redeemed their past apostasy of having disowned the Guru and deserted him driven to desperation by the prolonged siege of Anandpur by the hill chiefs and Mughal forces by having their disclaimer torn by the Guru. See MUKTSAR
References :
1. Santokh Singh, Bhai, Sri Gur Pratap Sura/ Granth. Amritsar, 1926-37
2. Padam, Piara Singh, Darban Ratan. Patiala, 1976
3. Chhibbar, Kesar Singh, Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka. Chandigarh, 1972
4. Vir Singh, Bhai, Sri Kalghidhar Chamatkar. Amritsar, 1963
5. Bhagat Lakshman Singh, Sikh Martyrs. Ludhiana, n.d.
Additional Information:
Chali Mukte, or the Forty Liberated Ones, refers to a group of warriors in Sikh history who are known for their deep devotion and bravery. These forty soldiers, initially deserting, later returned to fight alongside Guru Gobind Singh Ji at the Battle of Muktsar.
Introduction
Chali Mukte, meaning the Forty Liberated Ones, are celebrated figures in Sikh history renowned for their unwavering devotion and extraordinary bravery. Originally, these forty soldiers deserted Guru Gobind Singh Ji during a challenging time. However, they later experienced a profound change of heart and returned to the Guru’s side to join him in the Battle of Muktsar. This act of redemption and courage is a pivotal event in Sikh lore, symbolizing themes of loyalty, faith, and ultimate redemption.
Their decision to stand by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, despite earlier shortcomings, exemplifies the Sikh principle of commitment and the transformative power of spiritual awakening. The Battle of Muktsar itself became a testament to their valor and sacrifice, where they fought bravely against overwhelming odds, ultimately achieving martyrdom.
The story of Chali Mukte resonates deeply within Sikh tradition, serving as a reminder of the importance of steadfastness in one’s beliefs, even in the face of adversity. It embodies the ideals of courage, honor, and the enduring bond between the Guru and his disciples. Their collective sacrifice and unwavering loyalty continue to inspire Sikhs worldwide, reinforcing the values of selflessness, resilience, and spiritual fortitude in the pursuit of righteousness and justice.
Historical Background and the Battle of Muktsar
The saga of the Chali Mukte is set during a tumultuous period when Guru Gobind Singh Ji faced numerous assaults from Mughal forces. The Forty Liberated Ones, led by Bhai Mahan Singh, were originally part of the larger Sikh militia but had abandoned the Guru during the siege of Anandpur Sahib due to extreme hardships and false promises of safety by the besieging forces. However, their conscience and devotion called them back to the Guru’s side, leading to their participation in the Battle of Muktsar in 1705, a decisive confrontation that took place near a lake called Khidrane di Dhab.
The Battle of Muktsar is a seminal event in Sikh history, marking both a tactical victory and a significant spiritual turning point for Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his followers. This battle was not just a physical confrontation but also a moment of profound moral and ethical reawakening for the Forty Liberated Ones.
Return to the Guru: Feeling the pangs of remorse and stirred by their underlying devotion to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the forty warriors, led by Bhai Mahan Singh, decided to return and stand by the Guru during his adversities. This decision was fueled by their realization of the spiritual and moral error in abandoning their leader when he needed them most.
The Battle at Khidrane di Dhab: The confrontation at Muktsar, which occurred near the lake Khidrane di Dhab, was precipitated by the strategic movements of the Guru. Guru Gobind Singh Ji had been relentlessly pursued by Mughal forces, and finding himself near Muktsar, he decided to make a stand. The site was strategically chosen: the small lake provided a natural defensive barrier on one side, limiting the angles of attack available to the enemy.
The Battle Unfolds: The Mughal forces, confident in their numbers, attacked the Sikhs, who were significantly outnumbered. However, the Sikhs, led by the rejuvenated Forty Liberated Ones, displayed remarkable bravery and tactical acumen. They used the marshy terrain to their advantage, slowing down the enemy cavalry and using guerilla tactics to compensate for their smaller numbers.
Climax and the Sacrifice of the Forty: The battle reached its climax when Bhai Mahan Singh, severely wounded, was brought before Guru Gobind Singh Ji. In a poignant moment, Bhai Mahan Singh, holding the written oath of desertion which all forty had signed, requested the Guru to tear it up, symbolically forgiving them for their earlier abandonment. Guru Gobind Singh Ji tore the document, forgiving them, as Bhai Mahan Singh passed away from his wounds.
Aftermath and Recognition: The Battle of Muktsar ended with the Mughals withdrawing, unable to dislodge the Sikhs despite their superior numbers. This battle significantly boosted the morale of the Sikhs and solidified Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s leadership. The forty warriors who had fought and died were posthumously given the title of “Mukte”, which means liberated. This title signifies their liberation from the cycle of birth and death, a reward for their ultimate sacrifice and unflinching faith in their Guru.
The Battle of Muktsar and the story of the Chali Mukte are remembered not only for their immediate military impact but more so for the enduring lessons they impart about faith, redemption, and the profound bonds of loyalty and sacrifice between a leader and his followers. This episode is commemorated every year at the site of the battle, where devotees gather to honor the memory of these brave souls and reflect on the values they embodied.
The Act of Redemption
The return of the Chali Mukte to Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s side is a powerful narrative of repentance, redemption, and unwavering loyalty that deeply resonates within the Sikh community. This episode highlights the compassionate and forgiving nature of the Guru and reinforces Sikh teachings on the transformative power of genuine penitence and the possibility of moral restoration.
Return and Repentance: After deserting Guru Gobind Singh Ji during the siege of Anandpur Sahib, the Chali Mukte, led by Bhai Mahan Singh, experienced deep remorse. Their decision to return was driven by a profound spiritual awakening—recognizing the moral failure in their earlier abandonment and the enduring duty they had towards their Guru. Their return was not just a physical act but a moral and spiritual journey back to their roots and principles.
Guru’s Forgiveness: Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s acceptance of the Chali Mukte back into the Sikh fold without hesitation is emblematic of the Sikh ideals of forgiveness and compassion. The Guru’s response exemplifies the belief that everyone, regardless of their past actions, deserves a chance at redemption if they show genuine remorse and a willingness to correct their mistakes. This act of forgiveness from the Guru also served to strengthen the moral and ethical foundations of the community, emphasizing that forgiveness is a divine quality.
Exemplary Courage in Battle: The ultimate redemption of the Chali Mukte came on the battlefield of Muktsar, where they demonstrated extraordinary bravery and commitment. Their actions in the battle underscored their complete return to the path of righteousness, fighting not just for their Guru but for the ideals he stood for. This battle was their opportunity to prove their loyalty and to redeem themselves fully in the eyes of their community and their conscience.
Bhai Mahan Singh’s Plea: One of the most moving moments in Sikh history is the dying plea of Bhai Mahan Singh, who, even as he lay wounded, held up the document of their previous desertion for the Guru to tear up, symbolically seeking forgiveness not just for himself but for all the Chali Mukte. This act highlighted the depth of his repentance and his desire to leave this world reconciled with his spiritual master.
Legacy of the Chali Mukte: The story of the Chali Mukte is remembered and revered in Sikhism as a profound lesson on the power of second chances and the strength of true conviction. It teaches that failures and mistakes are part of the human condition, but they do not define one’s entire life. With sincere repentance and righteous action, redemption is always within reach. This narrative continues to inspire Sikhs around the world to live lives of courage, loyalty, and, above all, profound forgiveness.
The Martyrdom and Legacy
The martyrdom of the Chali Mukte at Muktsar profoundly embodies the ideals of sacrifice and redemption within Sikhism, illustrating the transformative journey from human frailty to divine grace. Their act of ultimate sacrifice is celebrated and revered, providing a poignant lesson on the power of faith and the sanctity of commitment to one’s spiritual leader and principles.
Achieving Mukti: In Sikh philosophy, ‘mukti’ or liberation is not just a release from the cycle of birth and rebirth; it’s also viewed as a spiritual awakening and freedom from worldly attachments and sins. By sacrificing their lives at the Battle of Muktsar, the Chali Mukte achieved this liberation, transcending their earlier desertion and reaffirming their loyalty and devotion to Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Their act of bravery transformed their spiritual fate, granting them an honored status in Sikh lore.
Commemoration at Maghi Festival: The legacy of the Chali Mukte is commemorated every year during the Maghi festival, which is held at Muktsar, the site of their last stand. This festival marks an important moment in the Sikh calendar, where thousands of devotees gather to pay homage to these warriors. The day is filled with prayers, hymns, and community meals (langar), reflecting on the virtues of sacrifice, courage, and the eternal guidance of the Guru.
Pilgrimage Site: The battlefield where the Chali Mukte laid down their lives has become a sacred pilgrimage site, drawing devotees from around the world. It serves as a tangible connection to the past and a source of spiritual inspiration. Pilgrims visiting the site often reflect on the values exemplified by the Chali Mukte—courage, loyalty, repentance, and the pursuit of spiritual liberation through self-sacrifice.
Enduring Legacy: The story of the Chali Mukte continues to inspire generations of Sikhs to uphold their faith even in the face of adversity. It serves as a reminder that true devotion is tested in the crucible of trial, and that redemption is possible through acts of bravery and faith. The narrative of the Chali Mukte enriches the Sikh community’s understanding of their history and reinforces the core Sikh principles of standing steadfast in one’s beliefs and the transformative power of returning to the righteous path.
In essence, the martyrdom of the Chali Mukte is not only a historical event but also a lasting symbol of the Sikh ethos of fighting for justice and righteousness, embodying the profound spiritual truths that Guru Gobind Singh Ji imparted to his followers.
Names of 40 Mukte
(1). Bhai Bhag Singh
(2). Bhai Dilbag Singh
(3). Bhai Mann Singh
(4). Bhai Nidhan Singh
(5). Bhai Kharbara Singh
(6). Bhai Darbara Singh
(7). Bhai Dyal Singh
(8). Bhai Nihal Singh
(9). Bhai Khushal Singh
(10). Bhai Ganda Singh
(11). Bhai Ishmer Singh
(12). Bhai Singha
(13). Bhai Bhalla Singh
(14). Bhai Suhel Singh
(15). Bhai Chamba Singh
(16). Bhai Ganga Singh
(17). Bhai Sumer Singh
(18). Bhai Sultan Singh
(19). Bhai Maya Singh
(20). Bhai Massa Singh
(21). Bhai Sarja Singh
(22). Bhai Sadhu Singh
(23). Bhai Gulab Singh
(24). Bhai Harsa Singh
(25). Bhai Sangat Singh
(26). Bhai Hari Singh
(27). Bhai Dhana Singh
(28). Bhai Karam Singh
(29). Bhai Kirt Singh
(30). Bhai Lachman Singh
(31). Bhai Buddha Singh
(32). Bhai Kesho Singh
(33). Bhai Jado Singh
(34). Bhai Sobha Singh
(35). Bhai Bhanga Singh
(36). Bhai Joga Singh
(37). Bhai Dharam Singh
(38). Bhai Karam Singh
(39). Bhai Kala Singh
(40). Bhai Mahan Singh
Spiritual and Cultural Significance
The tale of the Chali Mukte is rich in spiritual and cultural significance, offering profound lessons that resonate deeply within the Sikh community and beyond. This story transcends the bounds of mere historical recount and becomes a parable of moral and ethical resilience, providing valuable insights for both spiritual growth and cultural identity.
Teachings of Bravery and Repentance: Central to the story is the portrayal of bravery—not just in the physical sense on the battlefield, but also the moral courage required for repentance. The Chali Mukte’s initial desertion followed by their return to the side of Guru Gobind Singh Ji exemplifies a profound journey of self-realization and correction of past mistakes. This act of returning, despite the risk of disapproval or rejection, highlights the strength required to admit wrongdoings and strive for redemption.
Transformative Power of Loyalty to Faith: Loyalty in the tale of the Chali Mukte is depicted as a dynamic and transformative virtue. Their loyalty to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, rekindled through their act of returning, underscores the concept that true faith is not stagnant but an evolving relationship with one’s beliefs and religious teachings. This transformation culminates on the battlefield where their ultimate sacrifice becomes a testament to the depth of their renewed faith and loyalty.
Ethos of Resisting Oppression: The Chali Mukte embody the Sikh principle of standing against oppression and upholding justice, even under dire circumstances. Their willingness to fight alongside their Guru despite overwhelming odds serves as an enduring example of commitment to righteousness and justice, reflecting the broader Sikh injunction to defend the weak and fight against tyranny.
Mercy of the Gurus: A poignant aspect of the story is the merciful nature of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, who welcomes back the deserters without hesitation. This act of forgiveness highlights a fundamental teaching within Sikhism about the boundless grace of the Guru. It teaches that forgiveness is available to all who sincerely repent, emphasizing the Guru’s role not just as a leader but as a spiritual redeemer.
Cultural Resonance: Culturally, the story of the Chali Mukte has become a symbol of unwavering integrity and spiritual redemption. It is celebrated and remembered through various means, including annual commemorations like the Maghi festival, which reinforce communal bonds and collective Sikh identity. The story not only serves to inspire individual Sikhs in their personal faith journeys but also strengthens the fabric of the community by providing a shared narrative of valor, sacrifice, and spiritual upliftment.
Contemporary Relevance
The story of the Chali Mukte holds a timeless appeal that continues to resonate in the contemporary world, offering valuable lessons and inspirations that transcend cultural and religious boundaries. Its themes of redemption, moral courage, and communal unity are particularly pertinent in today’s globalized society, where ethical dilemmas and cultural conflicts frequently arise.
Power of Redemption: In an era where individuals often feel burdened by past mistakes or societal judgments, the story of the Chali Mukte offers a powerful narrative of redemption and forgiveness. It reminds people that it is never too late to turn back, correct one’s course, and make amends. This message encourages a mindset of growth and personal development, where one can learn from the past and use those lessons to foster a better future.
Confronting Past Mistakes: The Chali Mukte’s journey from desertion to redemption highlights the importance of facing and owning one’s past actions. In a world where accountability often takes a back seat to expediency, their story serves as a reminder of the strength and honor in acknowledging mistakes. This lesson is crucial for both individuals and societies, promoting a culture of responsibility and ethical behavior.
Returning to Ethical and Spiritual Roots: At a time when many feel disconnected from their spiritual and ethical foundations due to the rapid pace of modern life, the tale of the Chali Mukte encourages a return to one’s core values and principles. It champions the virtues of integrity and courage, urging individuals to live in accordance with their deepest beliefs and convictions, regardless of external pressures or challenges.
Reinforcing Community Ties: The annual commemoration of the Chali Mukte during the Maghi festival plays a vital role in reinforcing community ties and collective memory. It provides an opportunity for reflection and reconnection, not only with one’s heritage but also with the community at large. This communal aspect is essential in maintaining the social fabric, encouraging unity, and fostering a sense of belonging among members.
Keeping the Spirit Alive: The enduring legacy of the Chali Mukte, kept alive through stories, rituals, and community gatherings, continues to inspire those in the Sikh community and beyond. It acts as a beacon of hope and resilience, reminding everyone of the transformative power of faith and the enduring human spirit.
In essence, the contemporary relevance of the Chali Mukte’s story is found in its universal themes of redemption, moral integrity, and community solidarity. It serves as a guidepost for navigating the complexities of modern life while staying true to one’s fundamental principles and values.
Conclusion
The legacy of the Chali Mukte shows the Sikh blend of bravery and deep spirituality. Their story is not just about fighting skills but also about personal and spiritual growth. It highlights important Sikh values like courage, redemption, and humility, offering a lasting example for how to behave and build community.
The Chali Mukte’s story of leaving, coming back, and sacrificing themselves illustrates their journey from weakness to divine grace. This shift from fear to strength and from guilt to redemption carries a powerful message: True bravery is often demonstrated not on the battlefield, but in the courage to confront one’s own shortcomings and to strive for personal and spiritual improvement.
The story of the Chali Mukte showcases how the human spirit can rise above its limits and strive for higher values. It reminds us that everyone can achieve greatness through faith, perseverance, and correcting past mistakes.
The Chali Mukte’s ultimate sacrifice for their Guru and principles highlights the virtue of humility. Their readiness to give everything, including their lives, without seeking praise, teaches the importance of selfless service—a key aspect of Sikhism.
Their sacrifice, symbolizing liberation (mukti), reflects the ultimate goal in Sikhism: freedom from ego and worldly attachments, living in eternal connection with the divine. Their story inspires followers to seek spiritual liberation above material desires.
The universal message of the Chali Mukte’s story lies in its example of moral integrity and spiritual truth. It encourages people of all backgrounds to live by principles and justice, even when facing great challenges.
Through their extraordinary journey and sacrifice, the Chali Mukte continue to inspire, representing the profound impact of faith and righteousness. Their legacy is honored within the Sikh community and serves as a global symbol of striving for spiritual and moral excellence.
