DOABA REGION of the Punjab lying between 30° 57` to 32° 7` North latitudes and 75° 4` to 76° 30` East longitudes, and bounded by the Himalayas on the east, and by the Beas on the north and the west, and the Sutlej on the south, embracing the present districts of Jalandhar. Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala, is a distinct geographical region by virtue of its interfluvial character, its distinctive cultural identity and its recognition as such in geographical and historical literature.
It is also known as Bist Doab (from bist which is an abbreviation for the twin rivers Beas and Sutlej, and doab, a Persian term meaning a land mass lying between two rivers) or Jalandhar Doab (after the name of its principal town). With an area of 8,915 square kilometres, Doaba has 24 towns an 5,580 villages. With a pepulatian of well over four million, it is one of the densely populated regions of the Punjab. The upland plain covering about twothirds of the total area and ranging in elevation from 270 to 300 metres above sea level, is by virtue of its alluvial soil the most fertile and thickly populated.
It has therefore been the focus of main historical events, political acitivity and economic development. The lowlying flood plains along the two rivers, locally called bet, with profusion of wild grasses and scrubs are not suitable for regular and intensive cultivation and are therefore sparsely populated. The foothill plain ranging in elevation from 300 to 470 metres and lying along the Sivalik foothills is dissected by numerous seasonal streams called chos. This zone lies between the upland plain in the west and the economically backward and sparsely populated hilly tract known as kandi in the east.
Broadly speaking, the Doaba region is characterized by a continental subhumid climate, with sharply varying winter and summer temperatures. Like the rest of the northwest India, it receives 80 per cent of its rainfall from the monsoons during JulySeptember and the balance from cyclones during DecemberJanuary. Natural vegetation of the region is of a drydeciduous type. However, intensive cultivation necessitated by population pressure and paucity of arable land has resulted in clearance of entire upland plain for agriculture.
Still kikkar (Acacia arabica), ben (Zizyphusjujuba), shisham (dabergia), dhak (Butea trondosa) and mango trees are found scattered or in small groves. Grasses and scrubs like sar (saccharum) and kans (Saccharum spontaneoum) abound in bet areas. Commercial planting of eucalyptus is a recent development. The region hardly produces any minerals. Doaba with its sturdy, hardworking population holds a place of pride in Sikh history. Guru Nanak`s connection with one of its ancient towns, Sultanpur Lodhi, the founding of Kartarpur by Guru Arjan and the travels of the fifth, sixth, seventh and the ninth Gurus through the length and breadth of the region resulted in the early spread of Sikhism in the area.
Being on the old route from the northwest to Delhi, it had to bear the brunt of successive invasions. At the same time it, along with the districts of the central Punjab collectively known as Majha, was a recruiting and training ground for the Sikh warriors during the eighteenth century. At the close of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth, Sikhs of the Doaba were among the first to migrate to Canada and the United States of America, where they were in the forefront of the Ghadr movement. The Babar Akali movement of the 1920`s was almost exclusively sustained by Doaba Sikhs. Land holdings being very small, emigration to countries of the western world still remains an attraction for the people.
References :
1. Singh, G.B., “Changing Patterns of Cropland Use in Bist Doab,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Edinburgh.
2. Mehta, Swarnjit, “Patterns of Migration in the Bist Doab 1951-61,”in Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts), vol. IV, No. I. Chandigarh, 1973
3. Latif, Syad Muhammad, History of the Panjab. Delhi, 1964
