FIVE KHANDS or Panj Khands, lit. realms (panj == five, khand == region or realm), signifies in the Sikh tradition the five stages of spiritual progress leading man to the Ultimate Truth. The supporting text is a fragment from Guru Nanak`s Japu, stanzas 34 to 37. The Five Realms enumerated therein are dharam khand, the realm of righteous action (pauri 34), gian khand, the realm of knowledge (pauri 35), saram khand, the realm of spiritual endeavour (pauri 36), karam khand, the realm of grace, and sach khand the realm of Truth (pauri 37).
The concept of the spiritual journey running into several stages is found in other religious traditions as well. The number of stages and the nomenclature may vary, but the broad features of the journey remain the same. The seven muqamat of the Sufis, the eight angas of Patanjal yoga, the five kosas of Vedanta and dash bhumis of Buddhism run on parallel lines though they are embedded each in a different cultural milieu. The Panj Khands in the Japu delineate the different stages of spiritual ascent tracing the evolution of human consciousness on different planes involving man`s thought, emotions and action.
Though Guru Nanak does not explicitly deal with these transformations and only touches upon the core characteristics of each stage {khand), yet the emphasis on one aspect does not exclude the others. In each stage, the status or position of the individual is set forth in a social setting. The seeker is not conceived of as a recluse or ascetic: social obligations and moral qualities form an essential core of the spiritual path. The empirical mind is first emancipated from the grip of desire and purified by a rigorous moral discipline. When it learns to stand still, it is brought to the Divine Portal which it can enter only with the divine grace.
There it finds itself face to face with the Truth Eternal, i.e. God. The delineation of the Panj Khands is preceded by two introductory remarks in the two preceding stanzas. First, there is the term pavandn, i.e. rungs of a ladder, denoting stages of the mystical ascent. Guru Nanak relates this ascent to the constant remembrance of His Name. Then occurs another insight which implies that all the endeavours that the spiritual aspirant makes and all the means that he employs during these endeavours have their ultimate source in divine grace without which he may not even feel the initial impulse towards spiritual life.
The first stage is the dharam khand. “The earth exists for dharma to be practised.” The word dharam has been employed in the sense of duty. Duty is usually performed either out of a sense of social responsibility or through moral awareness. Guru Nanak links this sense of duty to man`s consciousness of divine justice. This is the stage in which a sense of inquisitiveness is aroused in the mind of the devotee who is now no longer a casual onlooker of the world around but can perceive the divine purpose behind the creation of this planet of ours, the earth, which is set in the cosmic cradle of time and space and is sustained by the vital elements.
Man has been placed in this world to respond to the Creator`s purpose. In His court, he will be judged according to his moral response. The next is gian khand. “In the realm of knowledge, knowledge is ignited, i.e. illumination dawns.” The seeker here becomes aware of the universe and the mystery of existence. Through the creation, he gains knowledge of the Creator from whom it emanates. Knowledge here is not merely intellectual or sensual; it is intuitive awareness, a spiritual consciousness which expands the vision of the seeker.
His sense of wonder is born not merely of his awareness of the many forms of life or the ordered movement of numerous celestial spheres, but of his perception of God who is the sole force behind all. In front of this limitless variety of cosmic life, he feels humble. This simultaneous experience of expansion of vision and of the sense of humility leads to vismaya or vismad (wonder). Saram Khand is the sphere of spiritual endeavour. Here man strives against the last remnants of his ego which still afflict him in spite of his experiencing strong emotions of humility in the gian khand.
If the sense of awe and wonder is not accompanied or followed by discipline, the experience might become a mere emotion, something remembered with nostalgia but having no permanent worth. To become worthy of receiving the divine grace, one must chisel one`s surati (consciousness) which is a unifying thread for all human faculties. This chi selling of intellect and wisdom would erase even the subtlest layers of ego from one`s mind. Karam Khand (the realm of grace) is the sphere where reigns the Divine grace. The process of liberation with grace initiated is now brought to completion.
All sense of dualism ends. The devotee is one with the Lord and with those who have attained this state of bliss.One reaches here only after achieving a heroic victory over the evils. Yet he is not a passive devotee, but a man of awakened courage and great deeds. The final stage of spiritual ascent, i.e. sach khand (the realm of the Truth), defies description.
“Hard as steel is the story of this state to narrate.” Described as the abode of the Nirankar, the Formless One, sach khand is not a geographical spot, but the final state of the evolution of human consciousness.One can only experience it, but not describe it, for here words cease to have any meaning and no analogies can help in describing the Unique. Here in the Divine Court, the perfect ones rejoice in His presence.
It is from here that His Will (hukam) goes out to the universe, and the liberated, grace filled souls perform it joyously and effortlessly. The devotee becomes one with Him and realizes Him as a unifying force working through all objects of His creation. This way he attains to the non spatial sack khand 2ind to the Dweller therein, the Nirankar, who is nowhere outside his own heart.
References :
1. Shabdadrth Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Am ri tsar, 1964
2. Jodh Singh, Bhai, Japuji Satik. Amritsar, 1950
3. Rain Singh, Japji da Vishd te Rup. Ludhiana, 1969
4. Sohan Singh, The Seeker`s Path. Calcutta, 1959
5. McLeod, W.H., Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. London,1968
6. Talib, Gurbachan Singh, Japuji: The Immortal Prayer Chant. Delhi, 1977
Panj Khands: The Five Realms in Sikhism
Introduction
The concept of Panj Khands (Five Realms) in Sikhism is a profound philosophical framework outlined in Japuji Sahib, a foundational text composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. These realms symbolize the spiritual progression of a seeker toward union with the Divine. The journey through these realms is not merely physical or external—it represents the inner evolution of consciousness, aligning the soul with truth, righteousness, and divine grace.
The Five Realms Defined
The Panj Khands are:
Dharam Khand (Realm of Righteousness)
The first realm emphasizes moral duty and righteous living. Here, individuals learn to differentiate between right and wrong, laying the foundation for ethical behavior and spiritual discipline. This realm highlights the importance of living in harmony with God’s will (Hukam) and treating others with respect and compassion. This is the foundation of spiritual growth. Dharam Khand embodies the idea of moral and ethical living, urging individuals to follow their duties with righteousness. It recognizes that life is a gift from God and comes with responsibilities.
- Key Teachings: In Dharam Khand, seekers begin their journey by understanding the importance of distinguishing right from wrong. This is achieved by living in accordance with Hukam—God’s cosmic order—and embracing compassion, humility, and justice.
- Symbolism: This realm symbolizes the awakening of the soul to its role in the universe, making it aware of actions and their consequences. It signifies the importance of viewing life through a spiritual lens rather than focusing solely on materialistic pursuits.
Gyaan Khand (Realm of Knowledge)
In the second realm, the seeker gains spiritual knowledge and wisdom through self-reflection and study of divine teachings. This realm illuminates the interconnectedness of creation and the infinite nature of God. True understanding arises as one meditates on the Divine and seeks knowledge beyond mere intellectual pursuits.
- Key Teachings: This realm emphasizes the interconnectedness of creation and the infinite nature of God. It reflects on the vastness of divine creation—how countless worlds, beings, and phenomena are sustained by the Creator.
- Symbolism: It represents the expansion of consciousness, breaking free from ignorance. The seeker learns that the physical world is temporary, and true knowledge comes from recognizing the eternal presence of Waheguru.
Saram Khand (Realm of Effort)
The third realm represents the stage of personal effort and perseverance. It involves the refinement of one’s inner self through meditation (Naam Simran), self-discipline, and devotion. This is where the seeker strives to shed ego (haumai) and cultivate virtues, such as humility, selflessness, and love for all beings.
- Key Teachings: Here, the individual focuses on shedding ego (haumai) and cultivating divine virtues such as humility, compassion, and forgiveness. Meditation on Naam (the Divine Name) and practicing selfless service (Seva) are central to this realm.
- Symbolism: Saram Khand represents the sculpting of the soul, likening spiritual effort to an artist crafting a masterpiece. The realm inspires perseverance and dedication to purifying the mind and aligning it with divine virtues.
Karam Khand (Realm of Grace)
The fourth realm is characterized by divine grace. Having transcended ego and achieved spiritual purity, the seeker begins to experience God’s blessings and a deeper connection to the Divine. This realm highlights the role of grace in overcoming the limitations of human existence and attaining spiritual elevation.
Key Teachings: Here, the individual focuses on shedding ego (haumai) and cultivating divine virtues such as humility, compassion, and forgiveness. Meditation on Naam (the Divine Name) and practicing selfless service (Seva) are central to this realm.
Symbolism: Saram Khand represents the sculpting of the soul, likening spiritual effort to an artist crafting a masterpiece. The realm inspires perseverance and dedication to purifying the mind and aligning it with divine virtues.
Sach Khand (Realm of Truth)
The final realm, Sach Khand, symbolizes the ultimate union with God—the abode of eternal truth. Here, the seeker experiences divine bliss and realizes the infinite nature of the Creator. This realm represents the culmination of the spiritual journey, where the soul merges with the ultimate reality and attains liberation (mukti). Guru Nanak describes Sach Khand as the dwelling place of the Divine, beyond time and space.
- Key Teachings: This realm is beyond description, transcending the limits of human comprehension. Guru Nanak describes it as the dwelling place of the Creator, where all divine play originates. In this realm, the seeker merges with God and attains liberation (Mukti).
- Symbolism: It is the realization of oneness with the Creator, where duality and ego dissolve completely. Sach Khand is where eternal peace and bliss reside, and the seeker experiences the infinite divine presence.
Spiritual Significance
The Panj Khands provide a roadmap for spiritual growth, emphasizing the importance of both personal effort and divine grace. They teach that the journey to God is a progressive process requiring moral discipline, self-awareness, perseverance, and ultimately surrender to the Divine Will. The concept underscores Sikhism’s emphasis on living an active, ethical life while seeking spiritual enlightenment.
Conclusion
The Panj Khands in Sikhism offer profound insights into the human quest for spiritual fulfillment. As articulated in Japuji Sahib, these five realms guide seekers toward truth, righteousness, and divine union. By understanding and embodying the principles of the Panj Khands, individuals can navigate life’s challenges while striving for higher spiritual goals.
