PARAMARTHA, a combination of param (i.e., the highest or the supreme) and artha (i.e., meaning, objective, or purpose), is, in literature, the title generally applied to a work of exposition of a scriptural text. Unlike a commentary, which deals with the text in an elaborate and comprehensive way, the paramartha, in contradistinction, refers only to the inner or central meaning of the text. In Sikh exegetical literature, the paramartha tradition goes back to the Janam Sakhis, the first-ever written accounts of Guru Nanak’s life, which also contain elaborations and expositions of some of his compositions.
The mode became an integral part of the hagiographical works of Sodhi Manohar Das Miharban (1581–1640), Pothi Sach Khand, and other writings of the family (Pothi Harji and Pothi Chaturbhuj). It was presumed that the true meaning of the Guru’s hymns could be explained or understood only by placing them in the contexts in which they had been or could have been uttered. Thus, a possible situation or setting befitting a hymn was conceived, and in reference to it, the paramartha or meaning of the Guru’s words was explained. The better-known paramarthas that have come down from this school are those of Japu, Patti, Oankar, Siddha Goshti, and Bara Maha.
Paramartha in Sikh letters eventually gave way to finer annotations and commentary, which gained popularity in the nineteenth century.
References :
- Taran Singh, Gurbani Dian Vichardhan. Patiala, 1980.
Paramartha: The Supreme Purpose and Inner Meaning in Sikhism
Introduction
The term Paramartha stems from Sanskrit roots: param, meaning “supreme” or “highest,” and artha, meaning “objective,” “purpose,” or “meaning.” Together, Paramartha conveys the idea of the ultimate aim or highest purpose. In the context of Sikhism and other spiritual traditions, Paramartha often signifies a deeper, spiritual understanding or exposition of sacred texts and teachings. Unlike detailed commentaries, Paramartha focuses on uncovering the central or inner essence of scripture, presenting the ultimate truth in a concise and profound way.
Paramartha in Sikh Exegetical Literature
In Sikh traditions, the concept of Paramartha finds its origins in early efforts to understand and elaborate upon the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and subsequent Gurus. It was through this tradition that key compositions in the Guru Granth Sahib were interpreted and placed in a spiritual context, highlighting their significance. One of the earliest examples of Paramartha in Sikh literature appears in the Janam Sakhis, the biographical accounts of Guru Nanak, which not only recount his life but also provide explanations of his hymns.
The tradition of Paramartha continued with the works of scholars like Sodhi Manohar Das Miharban (1581–1640), who expanded upon Guru Nanak’s teachings through texts like Pothi Sach Khand. These efforts underscored the belief that true understanding of the Gurus’ words could only arise when considered within their spiritual and situational contexts. Prominent examples of Paramartha include elaborations on hymns such as Japuji Sahib, Patti, Oankar, Siddha Goshti, and Barah Maha.
The Paramartha Approach
The Paramartha approach emphasizes a direct and intuitive understanding of spiritual truths, often avoiding the exhaustive detail of traditional commentaries. Instead, it provides an exploration of the core message of the scripture, allowing seekers to grasp the essence of divine wisdom. In Sikhism, this involves aligning scriptural expositions with the central tenets of Sikh philosophy, such as monotheism, equality, and living in harmony with the divine will (Hukam).
Evolution of Paramartha in Sikh Thought
Over time, the practice of writing Paramarthas in Sikh literature gave way to more formal annotations and commentaries, which became prevalent in the 19th century. These newer approaches retained the spirit of Paramartha—conveying the central message of Sikh teachings—while offering greater detail and analysis for wider audiences.
Conclusion
Paramartha in Sikhism represents the pursuit of supreme meaning and spiritual purpose. By focusing on the inner essence of sacred texts, the tradition of Paramartha invites individuals to move beyond superficial understanding and connect with the divine truths within. While its practice has evolved over time, the core objective of Paramartha—to illuminate the highest purpose of life—remains relevant and inspiring to seekers on the path of spiritual awakening.
