SIKH ARCHITECTURE, style and design of building conspicuously popular among the Sikhs, is owed primarily to their religious monuments. Their secular edifices such as fortresses, palaces, samadhs (mausoleums built over places of cremation), havelis (fortified houses), bungas (residential cum educational houses ), educational institutions, etc, are no different from the contemporary style which is generally a mixture of Mughal and Rajput architecture, or as Percy Browne, an art historian, has described, a late form of the Mughal style of architecture.
Prominent examples of this type are the Samadh of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore and the Khalsa College at Amritsar. Whereas massive columns, portals, inner structures, bukharchas (3 or 4 panelled projecting windows in a row) on penda or gharvahj (projecting base) in the shape of bisected open lotus, the chhatns (kiosks) on the parapet, all trace back their origin to Rajput architecture, the dome, arches, minarets and underground cellars bear the stamp of Mughal style.Religious buildings of the Sikhs, the gurdwaras, also display the essentially eclectic nature of their architectural design, but they at the same time possess some special features, and present an identifiable picture of a style which can doubtlessly be called Sikh Architecture.
For example, compared to Hindu temples, they are more spacious (with the addition of adjoining divan asthan or assembly halls where necessary) and have, more often than not, entrance from all four sides, and they are not oriented to any set direction as the Muslim mosques are. Guru ka Langar (common kitchen and dining hall) is a necessary adjunct to a gurdwara, and most gurdwaras have sarovars (bathing tanks) in close proximity. Every gurdwara is recognizable from afar by the nishan sahib, the Sikh penant in yellow or blue flying atop a high flagpost. Gurdwaras, unlike Hindu temples, are devoid of any sculptured images in or around them.
In principle, gurdwara buildings do not have to conform to any set architectural design.The only established requirement is the installation of the Guru Granth Sahib, the Holy Sikh Scripture, in a building under a canopy or in a canopied seat, usually on a platform higher than the floor on which the devotees sit.But in time more and more gurdwaras came to have buildings of a particular design imitating more or less the pattern of the Harimandar, the most sacred shrine of the Sikhs located in the walled city of Amritsar.
When classified according to their plan form, buildings of the Sikh shrines are of four basic forms : the square, the rectangular, the octagonal and the cruciform.The last, however, is rarely used, the one notable example is Gurdwara NanakJhira at Bidar in Karnataka. Among the octagonal, the best known is Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar. Many a gurdwara has octagonal sanctum sanctorum within its square or rectangular hall. A covered circumambulate passage usually runs around the sanctum.
In elevation, gurdwaras have structures varying from one to nine storeys high, usually topped by a dome.Several gurdwaras have basements below the ground floor. A recurrent element of gurchvara design is the preferred use of two storey height with an allaround gallery at midheight, leaving the centre of the ground floor covered only by the top roof and/or the dome.As a rule, a gumbad (dome) is the crowning feature of a gurdwara.
Even flatroofed, rectangular gurudwara buildings have often a decorative dome over the spot where Guru Granth Sahib is seated. Sometimes, a small singleroom shrine is topped by palaki, a palanquin like roof, derived from Bengal style of architecture. More often than not, the dome is fluted or ribbed. Several different dome shapes mark our shrines as tarus, hemispherical, oblong, conical or three quarters of a sphere, the last mentioned being the more frequently used. Usually the dome springs from a floral base and has inverted lotus symbol top from which rises the kalas or ornate finial.
The dome is usually painted in white or sometimes in gold.Domes of some important gurdwaras are covered with gold plated copper sheets.Some domes have been lined with marble slabs or white or coloured porcelain pieces. Apart from the large central dome there are often four other cupolas, one at each corner and several small solid domes embellishing the parapet. The dome is invariably topped by an ornate finial, the kalas.
Based on the Mount Kailash, the kalas shoots up in the form of a cylinderical construction, often with some concentric discs, and spheroids culminating in a small canopy with pendants hanging at the outer rim. The kalas is usually made of brass or gilded copper. Recently the use of steel or gilded khanda (double edged sword) as pinnacle lias come in vogue.The elevation is usually treated by dividing the facade in accordance with the structural lines of columns, piers and pilasters with vertical divisions creating areas of well modelled surfaces.
The treatment often creates basreliefs of geometrical, floral and other designs. Where magnificence is the aim, repousse work in brass or copper gilt sheeting is introduced, often with extravagance.The interior is beautified by means of gachch or stucco work, tuknor fixing of mirror pieces, jaratkari or inlay work, mohrakashi or filigree, pinjra or lattice work or stone grills, and fresco painting. These techniques are used to produce beautiful designs and friezes based on vine, plant, flower, bird and animal motifs.
These techniques besides being time consuming and cosdy need highly skilful artists. They are therefore used in very important shrines. Excellent examples of such work can be seen in the Golden Temple. The largest number of frescoes have been painted on the first floor walls of Baba Atal. A very special aspect of Sikh architecture as far as it is concerned with the raising of gurdwara buildings is the contribution and participation of the common man.
Barring a few shrines which have their own income from endowments made by past rulers, the resources for new constructions or reconstructions are raised by voluntary contributions, and although masons and skilled craftsmen may be paid workers, the unskilled labour and rations for the entire labour force come from the system of karseva, voluntary free service by the devotees.
1. Arshi, P.S., Sikh Architecture. Delhi, 1985
2. Madanjit Kaur, The Golden Temple : Past and Present, Amritsar, 1983
3. Archer, W.G., Paintings of the Sikhs. London, 1966
4. Kang, Kanwarjit Singh, Mural Paintings in the Nineteenth Century Punjab (Ph.D. Thesis, Panjab University). Chandigarh, 1978
5. Datta, V.N., Amritsar: Past and Present. Amritsar, 1967
6. Edwardes, Michael, Indian Temples and Palaces. London,1969
Origins of Sikh Architecture
Sikh architecture is deeply rooted in the spiritual and cultural traditions of Sikhism. Its evolution began in the late 15th century with the emergence of Sikhism, a monotheistic faith founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the Punjab region of India. The architectural style reflects the principles of equality, humility, and devotion, which are the cornerstones of the Sikh faith. Early Sikh structures were modest, mirroring the simple lifestyle and teachings of the Gurus.
The foundations of Sikh architecture were laid during the time of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Sikh Guru. He commissioned the construction of the Harmandir Sahib, famously known as the Golden Temple, in Amritsar. This iconic structure became the epitome of Sikh architectural style and set the tone for future developments.
The Golden Temple: A Symbol of Spiritual Grandeur
The Golden Temple is the heart of Sikh architecture and a masterpiece of design. Built in the late 16th century, it represents the core values of Sikhism. The temple’s design breaks away from conventional religious architecture. Instead of being elevated, it is built at a lower level to signify humility. Surrounding the temple is the Amrit Sarovar (sacred pool), emphasizing purity and reflection.
The Harmandir Sahib’s unique blend of Islamic, Hindu, and Sikh design elements reflects the inclusive ethos of Sikhism. The gilded dome, intricate marble inlays, and the serene water body create an atmosphere of divine tranquility. This structure remains one of the most visited spiritual destinations worldwide.
The Influence of Mughal and Rajput Styles
During the early development of Sikh architecture, influences from Mughal and Rajput styles were evident. The Mughals’ use of intricate carvings, domes, and arches inspired many Sikh structures. However, the Sikhs adapted these elements to align with their distinct identity.Rajput influences were seen in the fort-like structures built by Sikh rulers during the 18th and 19th centuries. These forts were both functional and symbolic, serving as strongholds to protect their community. Key examples include the Lohgarh Fort and the Qila Anandgarh Sahib. These architectural endeavors demonstrate how Sikh architecture evolved as a blend of functionality, aesthetics, and spirituality.
Gurdwaras: The Heart of Sikh Architecture
Gurdwaras (Sikh places of worship) are central to Sikh architecture. They are not just religious structures but also community centers that provide food, shelter, and education to people from all walks of life. The design of a gurdwara emphasizes accessibility and openness, embodying the Sikh principle of universal equality. A typical gurdwara features a central prayer hall, where the Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh holy scripture) is placed. The structure often includes a langar hall, where free meals are served to all visitors. The architectural design of gurdwaras is marked by simplicity and grandeur, with domes, pinnacles, and elaborate façades.
Notable gurdwaras, such as Takht Sri Patna Sahib and Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, showcase the regional diversity of Sikh architecture while maintaining the core design principles. These structures symbolize the unity of Sikh traditions across different geographies.
The Sikh Raj Era: A Period of Flourishing Design
The Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) marked a golden era for Sikh architecture. Ranjit Singh was a patron of art and architecture, and under his rule, several iconic structures were built or restored. The Golden Temple was extensively renovated during this period, with gold plating added to its dome, earning it the name “Golden Temple.”
The architecture during this era blended Mughal, Sikh, and European influences. Key examples include the Gobindgarh Fort and the Sheesh Mahal. These structures exhibit intricate detailing, vibrant frescoes, and innovative designs. The Sikh Raj era represents a period of architectural experimentation and grandeur, leaving a lasting legacy.
Modern Sikh Architecture: Preserving Heritage
In contemporary times, Sikh architecture continues to evolve while staying true to its roots. Modern gurdwaras incorporate advanced construction techniques and materials, but the core principles remain unchanged. For instance, the gurdwara at Bangla Sahib in Delhi retains its traditional charm while accommodating modern amenities for visitors. Efforts to preserve historical Sikh structures have gained momentum. Organizations and governments are working to restore and maintain iconic sites, ensuring that their cultural and spiritual significance is not lost to time. The integration of modernity and tradition in Sikh architecture serves as a testament to its enduring relevance.
Core Elements of Sikh Architecture
Sikh architecture is defined by several recurring elements that embody its spiritual and cultural essence. Key features include:
- Oneness with Nature: Sikh structures often incorporate natural elements, such as water bodies and gardens, to create a serene environment for worship and reflection.
- Domes and Pinnacles: Domes symbolize spiritual aspiration, while pinnacles add a sense of grandeur to the structures.
- Open Layouts: Accessibility and openness are fundamental to Sikh architecture, reflecting the inclusive nature of the faith.
- Symbolic Ornamentation: Intricate carvings and inlays often include floral and geometric patterns, symbolizing the unity and diversity of creation.
The Global Spread of Sikh Architecture
As the Sikh diaspora expanded worldwide, so did the influence of Sikh architecture. Today, gurdwaras are found in nearly every corner of the globe, from Canada to Australia. These structures retain their traditional elements while adapting to local architectural styles and cultural contexts.
One remarkable example is the Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha in Southall, London. It seamlessly blends traditional Sikh design with modern construction techniques, serving as a hub for the Sikh community in the UK. Such global representations of Sikh architecture highlight its adaptability and universal appeal.
Conclusion: A Living Legacy
The evolution of Sikh architecture is a testament to the resilience and creativity of the Sikh community. From the humble beginnings of early gurdwaras to the majestic Golden Temple and the modern marvels of today, Sikh architecture reflects a harmonious blend of spirituality, functionality, and aesthetics. It stands as a living legacy, inspiring millions and preserving the rich cultural heritage of Sikhism for future generations.
