afghanistan

Discover the incredible journey of Josiah Harlan, a 19th-century adventurer who navigated allegiance between the British, Sikhs, and Afghans.

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Explore the life of Sir William Hay Macnaghten, pivotal in Anglo-Sikh and Afghan relations, and his role in the 1838 Tripartite treaty.

Explore the revolutionary life and enduring legacy of Mathra Singh, a patriot who fought for India's freedom during WWI.

Discover Shah Zaman's bold attempts to expand Afghan influence in India during the late 1700s, facing challenges from Sikh leaders like Ranjit Singh.

Explore the life of Sultan Muhammad Khan, Peshawar's governor in 1830. Discover his alliances, defection, and influence in the Sikh Wars.

Discover the strategic Tripartite Treaty of 1838, thwarting Sikh designs on Sindh with British mediation. Explore this pivotal Afghan-Sikh-British alliance.

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AHMAD SHAH DURRANI (1722-1772), the first of the Saddozai rulers of Afghanistan and founder of the Durrani empire, belonged to the Saddozai section of the Popalzai clan of the Abdali tribe of Afghans. In the 18th century the Abdalis were to be found chiefly around Herat. Under their leader Zaman Khan, father of Ahmad Khan. they resisted Persian attempts to take Herat until, in 1728, they were forced to submit to Nadir Shah. Recognizing the fighting qualities of the Abdalis, Nadir Shah enlisted them in his army.

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Discover George Eden's role as Governor General of India, focusing on his policies during the Afghan conflict and relations with the Sikhs.

Explore the Auckland Papers for insights on 19th-century politics, the Sikh military, and the Anglo Afghan war, now accessible in London.

DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN. AMIR (1791-1863), ruler of Kabul and Qandahar, was the son of Painda Khan (executed 1799), the Barakzai chief. Dost Muhammad`s first engagement with the Sikhs was at Attock, the Afghan citadel, which had fallen into the hands of the Sikhs in June 1813. In the conflict which lasted three months, Dost Muhammad Khan, who himself led the attack in the battle of Haidru, 8 km from Attock, was badly mauled by the Sikh force commanded by Diwan Mohkam Chand. As a result of the fighting among the members of the Durrani and Barakzai families, Dost Muhammad finally established himself in 1823 in Kabul, Kashmir having been lost to the Sikhs in 1819.

FATEH KHAN (d. 1818), son of Painda Khan, the Barakzai chief, who overthrew Shah Zaman, the king of Afghanistan (1793-1800), and placed his half-brother Shah Mahmud on the throne of Afghanistan, himself becoming prime minister. Shah Mahmud was dethroned in 1803 and was succeeded by Shah Shuja`. Fateh Khan expelled Shah Shuja` in 1809 and restored Shah Mahmud to sovereignty. Shah Shuja` fell into the hands of`Ata Muhammad Khan. the governor of Kashmir. As Kashmir was the richest province of the kingdom of Afghanistan, Fateh Khan turned his attention towards `Ata Muhammad Khan.

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Explore the deeper meaning of Aarti in Hinduism and Sikhism, where true worship goes beyond rituals and embraces the beauty of nature and truth.

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Explore the profound concept of Aatma and its connection to Paramaatma, God, and the transcendental self in Sikh and Hindu philosophies.

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Explore the distinctive and largely unknown Sikh architectural style, with its rich history in gurdwaras, forts, and palaces, by S.S. Bhatti.

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Discover the captivating history and architecture of Samman Burj, the octagonal Mughal marvel in Lahore Fort, known for its royal and administrative legacy.

The Sikh Encyclopedia

This website based on Encyclopedia of Sikhism by Punjabi University , Patiala by Professor Harbans Singh.