GANGA RAM, DIWAN (1775-1826) was a Kashmiri Brahman whose father, Kishan Das, was a government employee. During the oppressive days of the governors of Kashmir, Kishan Das migrated to Delhi, and later settled in the village of Rampur, near Banaras, where Ganga Ram was born about the year 1775.

HARNAM SINGH TUNDILAT (1882-1962), a Ghadr revolutionary, was born, in March 1882, the son of Gurdit Singh, a farmer of modest means, of Kotia Naudh Singh, in Hoshiarpur district of the Punjab. He learnt to read Gurmukhl in the village dharamsald and joined the Indian army as he grew

JAGIRDARI, a feudal system of political and revenue administration based on jagir, lit. fief or grant of land received from the sovereign or a vassal owing fealty and obedience to him. Sikhs who, after the fall of Sirhind in early 1764, started occupying territory, did not automatically take to the

JAVALA SINGH PADHANIA alias LAKHDATA (d. 1835), a SandhuJatt of the village of Padhana, in Lahore district, was a military commander in Sikh times. His father, Mit Singh (d. 1814), had joined service under Mahari Singh Sukkarchakkia and continued to serve under his son Maharaja Ranjit Singh, taking part

JHANDA SINGH BUTAUA (d. 1883), son of Sham Singh, was a jdgirddr and military commander under Maharaja Ranjil Singh. He saw military service in Purichh where Diwan Dhanpat Rai and Mir Baz Khan had been giving trouble, and was then ordered to Hazara. He accompanied the Maharaja in the