YOGA, derived from Sanskrit root yuj having its equivalent in Latin as jugum, in Gothic as juk, in German as jock, is the equivalent of yoke in English. Yoga refers to yoking or harnessing of mind in order to cultivate paravidya or higher knowledge, the result of those psychical

ACHAL SAHIB, GURDWARA. sacred to Guru Nanak, is located on the boundary of Salho and Chahal villages along the Jalandhar Batala road, 6 km south of Batala (31M9\'N, 75°12\'E) in Gurdaspur district of the Punjab. The low mound on which the Gurdwara is situated, in close proximity of the

ANAND (Skt. Anand, from nand meaning "to rejoice" or "to delight") denotes mystical experience, spiritual bliss or a state of consciousness such as that ofaJi`van mukta, i.e. one released while still in body. Anand in the Upanisadic texts istaken to be one of the three inherent attributes of atman

BALA, BHAI (1466-1544), who, according to popular belief, was a lifelong companion of Guru Nanak, was the son of Chandar Bhan, a Sandhu Jatt of Talvandi Rai Bhoi, now Nankana Sahib in Pakistan. Three years senior in age to Guru Nanak, he was his childhood playmate in Talvandi. From

BHANGARNATH, was a Gorakhpanthi yogi whom, according to the BalaJanam Sakhi, Guru Nanak met in one of the mountain resorts of the siddhas or adepts who through austerities and penances had attained occult powers. Bhai Gurdas, Varan, I. 3941, places this meeting in Achal Vatala (Batala), now in Gurdaspur

CHATUR DAS, PANDIT, a learned Brahman of Varanasi. who engaged Guru Nanak in a discourse during his visit to the city. He was intrigued by the Guru`s apparel which was neither of a householder nor of a hermit. As relates the Puratan Janam Sakhi, he questioned him, "What faith

DUNI CHAND is described in Puratan Janam Sakhi as a Dhuppar Khatri of Lahore who held in the parganah the revenue rank of karori (lit. the holder of a karor or ten million). He was performing sraddha or anniversary feast for his deceased father when he learnt that the

GUNVANTI, lit. a woman of becoming qualities, is the title of one of Guru Arjan`s compositions, in measure Suhi, in the Guru Granth Sahib (GG, 763). It follows Guru Nanak`s Kuchajl (lit. an awkward, illmannered woman) and Suchaji (lit. a woman of good manner). The term gunvanti is figuratively used

IMAD USSAADAT, a chronicle in Persian, composed at the instance of Col. John Baillie, British Resident at Lucknow, by Ghulam `All Naqyi, of Rac Barcli, in 1808 containing accounts of the Nawabs of Oudh from Saadat Khan to Saadat `All Khan. besides those of the Marathas, the Ruhilas, the

LOHARIPA, a Gorakhpanthi yogi, whose name occurs in Guru Nanak`s Sidh Gosti in the Guru Granth Sahib. The Sidh Gosti is a versified account of the Guru`s discourse with a group of Natha ascetics. Among them is mentioned Loharipa which is taken to be the Punjabi form of Luipa,

MUL CHAND, BHAI father in law of Guru Nanak, was a Chona Khatri, resident of Batala, who looked after the lands of the Randhava Jatts of the village of Pakkhokc in present day Gurdaspur district of the Punjab. He had a daughter of marriageable age named Sulakkhani whom he betrothed

NIRANJANIE, also called Handalie, was an heretic cult rounded by Handal (1573-1646) of Jandiala in Amritsar district, a former follower of Sultan SakhT Sarwar, who became a Sikh in the time of GuruAmar Das. He served in the Guru ka Larigar. Pleased with his devotion, the Guru appointed him